GRANT
journal
ISSN 1805-062X, 1805-0638 (online), ETTN 072-11-00002-09-4
EUROPEAN GRANT PROJECTS | RESULTS | RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT | SCIENCE
Risks of women´s and girl´s reproductive and sexual health – low
awareness of health and acceptance of responsibility
Alexandra Archalousová
1
Štefánia Andraščíková
2
1
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Science and Health Care, Constantine The Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia, Kaskova 1;
Nitra; e-mail: aarchalousova@ukf.sk
2
Depatrment of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Care, University of Presov in Prešov, Slovakia, Partizanska 1; Prešov; e-mail: stefania.
andrascikova@unipo.sk
Grant: 0049PU-4/2015 KEGA
Název grantu: Multimedia technology in the preparation of midwives 2
Obor
ové zaměření: Pedagogika a školství
© GRANT Journal, MAGNANIMITAS Assn.
Abstrakt The aim of the study was to determine the attitudes of
girls and women towards risk factors of reproductive and sexual
health - selected symptoms, choice of contraception, the beginning
and the frequency of use of hormonal contraception as well as the
initiation of sexual activity. Methods: The empirical research using
qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis was conducted.
There were 449 questionnaires and 50 recordings of conversations
analysed. The respondents consisted of girls and women aged 13-45
years. Results: A hormonal contraceptive is the preferred choice of
contraception and the beginning if its use is most frequent within
16-18 years (53.50%), in 15 years or less 44.61%. The average age
of the first sexual intercourse is 16,6 and the most frequent response
was in age from 14 to 17 years, of which 10.58% in age of 15 or
less. The results of the empirical research were compared with other
national and foreign studies. Conclusion: The results suggest that,
although the Czech Republic is one of those better evaluated
countries in field of reproductive and sexual health (for example in
the criteria of low percentage of teenage pregnancy), that there are
serious risks at present. Those could be seen in the form of an early
initiation of sexual intercourse, a preference of long-term hormonal
contraceptives, use of hormonal contraceptives before the age of 18
or less, low awareness of health and delegation of responsibility to
girls and women in comparison with the male population.
Key Words Reproductive health, sexual health, women, girl, care,
risk factors.
1.
INTRODUCTION
One of the sub-objectives of the presented issue was to define the
terminological terms of the risks of reproductive and sexual health.
Within the general conception a risk factor means anything that
disrupts health of an individual. It could be any family burden, a
way of life, some of the living habits, professional activity, eating
habits, the incidence of diseases and a number of other
circumstances. Risk factors in the context of the disease represent
situations, habits or other phenomena that increase the sensitivity of
an individual to the disease or injury. From the perspective of
nursing they can be categorized into five areas: genetic factors, age,
physiological factors, health habits and environment (Žiaková,
Boledovičová, Vorošová, 2009). These factors usually are not direct
cause of a disease. They don’t have to be always found in an
anamnesis. According to Petružela and Cibula the risk factors are
being identified mostly on the basis of epidemiological studies
which determine a relative risk for the defined sub-population of the
bearer of the researched factor. A relative risk above 1,0 refers to a
risk factor. A relative risk under 1,0 on the other hand means that
the factor that had been researched could be considered as protective
factor (Cibula, Petružela et al., 2009). In the USA, there were,
according to Burrouchs and Leifer, stated direct risk factors by the
National Cancer Institute and its Centre for Cancer Research and the
National Institutes of Health for example for the rise of disease of
cervical cancer infection HPV human papilloma virus as premature
sexual intercourse and an early initiation of sexual life, more sexual
partners or having sexual partners with some disease of a genital
tract (Burrouchs, Leifer, 2001).
1.1 Definition of terminology
Sexual and reproductive health. These two terms are being often
mistaken. Each has got its specifics. Sexual and reproductive health
is protected by law related to man and woman. Reproductive
health. It has been stated by the World Health Organisation that the
reproductive health is based in care of reproductive processes,
functions and system through all stages of life. The term of
reproductive health thus assume that people are able to lead a
responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the
capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide whether, when
and how often they are going to fulfil such ability. It also assumes
the right of men and women to information on safe, effective,
affordable and acceptable methods of fertility regulation in order to
make them use their discretion and the right to the use of appropriate
health care services. That will enable women to safe pregnancy and
childbirth as well as ensures partner couples best prospects that they
will have a healthy child (WHO, 1994). Sexual health. Sexual
health is, according to the World Health Organisation, defined as “a
state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely as the
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